America and the world in the years to come

Alternate supplys refer to free nix sources, which atomic number 18 not found on the burning of fogey terminates or nuclear fusion. Sustain able-bodied nada strategies ar essential at this point if there has to be a security in energy supply for the States and the world in the years to come. This is compounded by the fact that every effort is organism made to reduce the greenhouse effect. Fossil fuels atomic number 18 becoming and pull up stakes continue to be less favourable as advance in the twenty-first century (Wells 2005) Growing technology in startle fuels includes swop fuel vehicles, fuel stalls.Much of the efforts in clean energy have rivet on enthalpy applications in the violateation vault of heaven. Stationary power and electrical energy has attracted little focus, or even a combination of the two (Lipman and stand 2006) unify States is adjust for the use of counterchange fuels as energy sources. The portend for America now is working towards an energ y security ensuring a sustainable future in energy takes. The needs for energy and power in the time come forecasted to keep growing (Holilian and Mayes 2003)America and all developed and knowledge nations need now more than ever before to ensure and plant their freedom from overseas fossil oil dependence. Measures to loll around there should take an all-out, no bounds approach as the faster we countenance there the break off for the country. Millions of US dollars will be saved by reducing rock oil imports to the country. The economy will withal be streng then(prenominal)ed (Jim Wells 2005). Countries worry Brazil are already able to fuel shape uply 70 percent (70%) of their vehicles in the country with ethanol, replacing oil as the particular fuel.That essence that it is indeed possible to compass freedom from foreign oil dependence. Nations all over the world are running for the same energy resources. With tensions in Iraq, Iran and Venezuela growing, accelerated by the equally growing demand for fossil oils, the strain stomachnot be trusted. Oil prices have been too unstable, hitting records melloweds per barrel in the recent past. Due to this factor, America can not table service but be ready for flick fuel sources or else it qualification have a hard time fuelling its economy in the near future.America is also ready for transposition fuel because the technology for utilization of alternate sources already exists. Whether it is fuel cellular telephones, or ethanol production plants or solar panels in various specifications, or roll up mills of various sizes or even cars meeting specifications for use of alternate fuels, all these and various some(prenominal) separate technologies beg to be exploited maximally in order to achieve energy efficiently general motors alone has built more than 1. 5 million ethanol compliant vehicles (Giney Lee, Holilian and Mayes 2003)America is ready because, use of alternate sources means a bette r economy and employment opportunities for the American people. Exploiting use of alternate energy sources means the products produced locally gain added assess. Businesses in the energy sector get to do more business. Expatriates in renewable energy get to do more. Research and evolution efforts by the segment of energy get more engaged and provide more energy solutions. The rural America gets cheaper energy sources. In essence it is a plus for the economy. Finally, America is ready because, the world trend is moving towards a cleaner, greener environment.Insisting on use of fossil fuels provide no opportunities for the reduction of the green-house effort (Gordon 2001 . Use of alternate fuel sources means a cleaner environment, reduced carbon emissions and less deadly waste in our environment. A look at the various optious acquirable for the US economy is inorder. Petrol, diesel and natural gas railway locomotives can be replaced by hydrogen-fuel cells. Hydrogen energy places or power frame are becoming a consistent development within the United States. These energy stations would use fuel cells for electricity. Production by a stream of pure hydrogen (Lipman and Brooks 2006)Normally hydrogen is simply delivered or produced at a station using a fuel reformer, then compressed and supplied. Energy stations have the advantage that they can combine integrated systems for electricity production such that there is some for use within the precincts or supplies to the local grid, it can use any waste-heat for warming or cooling the building and use the purified hydrogen to fuel cars. There is potential for the growth of hydrogen as an substitute source. respective(a) states are developing and others already finished their plans for the hydrogen revolution.State plans have sinless in California, Ohio, New York, Florida, Massachusetts and Connectient are in their planning stages. Incorporating hydrogen stations into these plans would help to get there fas ter. Opportunities exist too for fleet based agreements with the state authorities such that hydrogen stations turn over feasible projects. There is potential in both private and reality investment in hydrogen energy. Ethanol can be intermix directly in petrol. Blends of up to 20% can be do without engine modifications. Dependant on the ethanol quality, ethanol blended diesels fuels need the use of emulsifiers and stabilizers.Ethanol is easily guaranteed from corn or even other grains same sorghum or other biomass corresponding corn cobs, cornstalks, wheat, straw, rice straw, swop grass, vegetable and forestry waste. It is very ideal as a gasoline form for its ability to increase the near-complete combustion of gasoline, which means it is environmentally friendly. It can be produced in large quantities and of path its capital outlay is quite reasonable, it ends up benefiting the corn and other grain farmers by giving them right value for their product.Especially in rural Ame rica, ethanol is fast becoming highly demanded fuel. With a higher demand, has come also a high production. More plants are coming up and existing ones expanding susceptibility. Some farmers have together to put up ethanol production plants too. Ethanol has attracted investment from quarters like Bill Gates of Microsoft, Sir Richard Branson of the virgin Atlantic group, Vinold Khosla of the Silicon Valley wal-mart stores and also Shell and Exxon Mobil. This is bound to have a positive impact on the ethanol industry in the US.Wind energy is another available alternate energy source. It is clean and hence very attractive as an environmental friendly source of energy. The department of energy has increasingly invested in wind-generated power. In 2005, America improved its wind capacity more any other single nation in the world, bringing its overall national wind energy capacity to 9,149 megawatts. In the year that followed 2,454 megawatts of power were added totaling to a capacity of 11,603 megawatts. With initiatives like wind powering America the use of wind as an alternate wind source is bound to keep growing.Solar energy is another alternative and renewable source of energy. Also clean and it can be delimit as heat or electricity from the sun when it hits a solar cell, when it hits an absorber sur fount and gives heat energy, when it hits a solar sail in a space craft, causing motion, when it hits a light causing it to rotate or when carried through fibre optic cables to give lighting in a building. Wave and fidal power are also use at the ocean frouts. Waves yield more energy than tides.America is yet to seriously experiment with this charitable of energy source. Another biofuel that is available is the use of biogas that uses biomass from cows. It is still relatively used in small areas in America unlike countries like Sweden and Finland which 17% and 19% of their demand with biofuels. Looking at the various alternatives available to us, it appears like hydrogen would be the best for the reasons that it offers a unique combination of electricity generation, thermic energy and hydrogen production within an energy station (Lipman and Brooks).This co-generation ability means a much higher efficiently in energy conversion. Eventually that means lowered fuel cost, improved political economy and increased energy security. The energy stations, due ability in different designs have various functional and economic trade-offs. How and forte temperature fuel cell design come in three varieties. The proton exchange membrane alcalescent (PEM), and the phosphonic acid one. Current estimates for all three ranges from two potassium louver coulomb ($2, 5000) dollars to four special K dollars ($4,000) per kilowatt of energy.The high temperature fuel cell design comes in two varieties namely molten carbon and material oxide. Current estimates for the same are three thousand dollars ($3,000) to four thousand dollars ($4,000) per kilowatts. The hydrogen engine generation set which features a generator estimates currently at about three thousand dollars ($3,000) per kilowatt. Future estimates for the low and medium temperature fuel cell design oscillate between two thousand and fifty dollars to one thousand five hundred dollars ($250-$ 1, 5000) per kilowatt of energy.The high temperature fuel cell design future estimates for molten carbon and solidity oxide averages two hundred and fifty dollars to one thousand dollars ($250-1, 000) per kilowatt. The hydrogen engine generator sets estimate for the future is five hundred dollars ($500) per kilowatt (Lipman and Brooks 2006). The costs refer to the initial capital costs to enable an energy station to start operations. The costs associated will of course vary in solve areas depending on availability of facilities and the operating and upkeep costs.Economically the stations end up as more attractive options than sets that are dedicated entirely as hydrogen refueling systems. The transportation department seems to have a critical graphic symbol in all this. It is by default, that the transport sector consumes the bulk of the fuel. Transport has a critical role to play in fictionalizing all sectors. Due to this factor, it is possible to use the transport department in organizations, governance agencies and commercial fleets as change agents in introducing the new fuels.The use of hydrogen cells for example, require a considerably wide-ranging fleet to make it commercially viable (Lipman and Brooks 2006) State projects could land into memorandum of understanding with shuttle fleets and pools of cars owned jointly to have, them as stakeholders in implementation of energy blue prints. Beginning from here, the change can then spread to other people within the society. It is imperative for the federal government and individual state government to focus on the introduction of sustainace and development use of alternate energy source if America has to remai n able to supply its energy needs in the long run.Hydrogen and ethanol are all attractive options for the America economy and further research and development efforts need to be initiated. Funding is also necessary as easily as building cooperation between public and private sectors. The states should be ready to offer funding, information and other incentives to take stakeholders to attract investment. In the face of all this, regulatory mechanisms are crucial to ensure that the public rattling benefit from the emerging technologies. References Jeffrey M Gordon 2001 solar energy issues position papersthrong and James/Earthscan. Pp. 23-56. Lipman E Timothy and Brooks Cameron 2006 hydrogen energy statious poly-production of electricity, hydrogen and thermal energy pp 5-23 Jim Wells 2005. University of California. Meeting energy demand in the 21st century many challenges and key questions testimony before the subcommittee on energy and resource, committee on government reform, House of Representatives. Diane publishing Louise Gieny-lee, Peter Holilian and Fred Mayer. renewable energy annual 2002 with preliminary data fro 2002 2003. Diane publishers pp 13-20