Preparation of Acetanilide

Synthesis of Acetanilide Reaction O NH2 + H3C C O O C CH3 O N C CH3 H + H3C O C OH Aniline acetic anhydride Acetanilide Acetic acid Purpose Acetanilide is a useful precursor to some(prenominal) pharmaceuticals such as acetaminophen and penicillin. Experimental Procedure. (Estimated time 1. 5 h. ) Unless differently noted, all manipulations should be done in the chemical fume hood. deposit 100 L of aniline into a tared 10 X 75-mm canvass thermionic tube (standing in a small beaker or Erlenmeyer flask). Now wreak 0. -mL of distilled irrigate with swirling, followed by 3 drops of concentrated hydrochloric acid. Add 10 mg of powdered decolorizing charcoal, or the pelletized form (Norit) to the resulting solution. Fit the test tube with a cork stopper and take it back to your hood. Gravity filter this breach (25-mm funnel fitted with fluted fast-grade filter paper see instructor) into a 3. 0-mL conic ampule containing a magnetic spin vane. Wet the filter paper in advance with di stilled water and blot the excess water from the stem of the funnel.Use an spare 0. 5 mL of distilled water to rinse the test tube and somerset that through the filter paper into your vial. Your aniline hydrochloride solution is ready for reaction. muster the apparatus as shown below CONICAL VIAL W/ magnetised SPIN VANE AND AIR CONDENSER Dissolve 150 mg (1. 10 mmol) of sodium acetate trihydrate in 0. 5 mL of distilled water in a 10 X 17-mm test tube. Cap the tube and set the solution aside for use in the next step. skylark Article Free-Radical BrominationAdd, with stirring, 150 L of acetic anhydride to the solution of aniline hydrochloride, followed apace by addition (Pasteur pipet) of the previously prepared solution of sodium acetate. bunko to thoroughly mix the reagents (5 min. ). You should see the formation of a etiolate precipitate. Allow the reaction mixture to stand at room temperature for slightly 5 min and then place it in an ice bath for an additional 5-10 min to complete the crystallization process.Collect the acetanilide product by filtration under reduced pressure using a Buchner funnel. Rinse the conical vial with two 0. 5-mL portions of distilled water and use the rinse to wash the composed filter cake. Characterization. Weigh and determine the percent yield of the product. Obtain an IR spectrum using the total internal reflectance attachment. bring a 1H nuclear magnetic resonance of your product if there is not enough we will pool samples together. Take the melting point of the product and compare it to the literature value. BUCHNER FUNNEL

1984 Dictatorship

The novel 1984 is base on totalitarianism and dictatorship. Big Brother rules Oceania, where the batch ar strained to listen to him and follow his rules. There are surveillance cameras and microphones set-up everywhere so that Big Brother can keep an eye on everyone and acknowledge about everything thats happening. There is no secret in this hostelry, and one legal injury move can get you killed with no one knowing, one daylight everything about you will be erased and youll eventually be forgotten. Children are taught that if they expect anyone suspicious they are to immediately turn them in, even if it is their parents.There are things like thought polices, who patrol around the area to look for anyone suspicious, or anyone who has thoughts. The reason I am telling you about this is because I guess there is some of that happening in our society today to a certain extent. We accommodate laws and rules given to us by the government that we have to keep, of course it is for us, but that is what the people Oceania are told, that the rules and regulations they are given is to utility them. We have policemen and people from the government around us patrolling the streets to make sure enough we dont break the rules we are given.If we judgment this in a different locating we are being watched and ruled by the government, just like the people of Oceania. Not only do governments influence us, but so do businesses. Governments and businesses tells us what to buy, what to do, where to go, what to eat, what to believe 1984 is relevant to the government and war because it is the first phonograph record which drew an image about a government that would use the societies exemption as a price for their security. The people of Oceania embody their lives without much difficulty, they are use to their life styles and have accepted the fact that that is how they are to live their lives.George Orwell has written this book as a view of the future, how he sawing ma chine the future, This was depictn as a threat to the society at the time. It is surprising to see that the phraseology can be changed so easily. The Newspeak dictionary aims to cut take in on the language, from good, brilliant, excellent to good, good good, good good good. To us this ostensibly makes no sense but to the new generations of Oceania this was their language, When the older generations of Oceania die, the old language would be forgotten, and the new language would be the language of the people. Same goes for the history.The prove generation would change the history, modify them so that Oceania would seem like the sub and this history is thought to the children as well so that as they amaze us they learn the change history and from then on the modified past would be the present past. The modified past would obviously changed again so that the truth would be forgotten. The story is told from Winstons point of view, where he views the society as a prison, because the story is told from Winstons point of view the story may seen bias, and can be different to what other people thought at the time.In a way, as a reader we are manipulated to view things the way Winston does. After reading 1984, you realise how different life would be without freedom, you learn to respect your freedom and dignity. You also learn the threat the government can have on you, and the impact they can have. The only line of work about wars isnt the death of the innocent soldiers but the impact it would have deep down one country, the chances it may turn into a totalitarian country.

America and the world in the years to come

Alternate supplys refer to free nix sources, which atomic number 18 not found on the burning of fogey terminates or nuclear fusion. Sustain able-bodied nada strategies ar essential at this point if there has to be a security in energy supply for the States and the world in the years to come. This is compounded by the fact that every effort is organism made to reduce the greenhouse effect. Fossil fuels atomic number 18 becoming and pull up stakes continue to be less favourable as advance in the twenty-first century (Wells 2005) Growing technology in startle fuels includes swop fuel vehicles, fuel stalls.Much of the efforts in clean energy have rivet on enthalpy applications in the violateation vault of heaven. Stationary power and electrical energy has attracted little focus, or even a combination of the two (Lipman and stand 2006) unify States is adjust for the use of counterchange fuels as energy sources. The portend for America now is working towards an energ y security ensuring a sustainable future in energy takes. The needs for energy and power in the time come forecasted to keep growing (Holilian and Mayes 2003)America and all developed and knowledge nations need now more than ever before to ensure and plant their freedom from overseas fossil oil dependence. Measures to loll around there should take an all-out, no bounds approach as the faster we countenance there the break off for the country. Millions of US dollars will be saved by reducing rock oil imports to the country. The economy will withal be streng then(prenominal)ed (Jim Wells 2005). Countries worry Brazil are already able to fuel shape uply 70 percent (70%) of their vehicles in the country with ethanol, replacing oil as the particular fuel.That essence that it is indeed possible to compass freedom from foreign oil dependence. Nations all over the world are running for the same energy resources. With tensions in Iraq, Iran and Venezuela growing, accelerated by the equally growing demand for fossil oils, the strain stomachnot be trusted. Oil prices have been too unstable, hitting records melloweds per barrel in the recent past. Due to this factor, America can not table service but be ready for flick fuel sources or else it qualification have a hard time fuelling its economy in the near future.America is also ready for transposition fuel because the technology for utilization of alternate sources already exists. Whether it is fuel cellular telephones, or ethanol production plants or solar panels in various specifications, or roll up mills of various sizes or even cars meeting specifications for use of alternate fuels, all these and various some(prenominal) separate technologies beg to be exploited maximally in order to achieve energy efficiently general motors alone has built more than 1. 5 million ethanol compliant vehicles (Giney Lee, Holilian and Mayes 2003)America is ready because, use of alternate sources means a bette r economy and employment opportunities for the American people. Exploiting use of alternate energy sources means the products produced locally gain added assess. Businesses in the energy sector get to do more business. Expatriates in renewable energy get to do more. Research and evolution efforts by the segment of energy get more engaged and provide more energy solutions. The rural America gets cheaper energy sources. In essence it is a plus for the economy. Finally, America is ready because, the world trend is moving towards a cleaner, greener environment.Insisting on use of fossil fuels provide no opportunities for the reduction of the green-house effort (Gordon 2001 . Use of alternate fuel sources means a cleaner environment, reduced carbon emissions and less deadly waste in our environment. A look at the various optious acquirable for the US economy is inorder. Petrol, diesel and natural gas railway locomotives can be replaced by hydrogen-fuel cells. Hydrogen energy places or power frame are becoming a consistent development within the United States. These energy stations would use fuel cells for electricity. Production by a stream of pure hydrogen (Lipman and Brooks 2006)Normally hydrogen is simply delivered or produced at a station using a fuel reformer, then compressed and supplied. Energy stations have the advantage that they can combine integrated systems for electricity production such that there is some for use within the precincts or supplies to the local grid, it can use any waste-heat for warming or cooling the building and use the purified hydrogen to fuel cars. There is potential for the growth of hydrogen as an substitute source. respective(a) states are developing and others already finished their plans for the hydrogen revolution.State plans have sinless in California, Ohio, New York, Florida, Massachusetts and Connectient are in their planning stages. Incorporating hydrogen stations into these plans would help to get there fas ter. Opportunities exist too for fleet based agreements with the state authorities such that hydrogen stations turn over feasible projects. There is potential in both private and reality investment in hydrogen energy. Ethanol can be intermix directly in petrol. Blends of up to 20% can be do without engine modifications. Dependant on the ethanol quality, ethanol blended diesels fuels need the use of emulsifiers and stabilizers.Ethanol is easily guaranteed from corn or even other grains same sorghum or other biomass corresponding corn cobs, cornstalks, wheat, straw, rice straw, swop grass, vegetable and forestry waste. It is very ideal as a gasoline form for its ability to increase the near-complete combustion of gasoline, which means it is environmentally friendly. It can be produced in large quantities and of path its capital outlay is quite reasonable, it ends up benefiting the corn and other grain farmers by giving them right value for their product.Especially in rural Ame rica, ethanol is fast becoming highly demanded fuel. With a higher demand, has come also a high production. More plants are coming up and existing ones expanding susceptibility. Some farmers have together to put up ethanol production plants too. Ethanol has attracted investment from quarters like Bill Gates of Microsoft, Sir Richard Branson of the virgin Atlantic group, Vinold Khosla of the Silicon Valley wal-mart stores and also Shell and Exxon Mobil. This is bound to have a positive impact on the ethanol industry in the US.Wind energy is another available alternate energy source. It is clean and hence very attractive as an environmental friendly source of energy. The department of energy has increasingly invested in wind-generated power. In 2005, America improved its wind capacity more any other single nation in the world, bringing its overall national wind energy capacity to 9,149 megawatts. In the year that followed 2,454 megawatts of power were added totaling to a capacity of 11,603 megawatts. With initiatives like wind powering America the use of wind as an alternate wind source is bound to keep growing.Solar energy is another alternative and renewable source of energy. Also clean and it can be delimit as heat or electricity from the sun when it hits a solar cell, when it hits an absorber sur fount and gives heat energy, when it hits a solar sail in a space craft, causing motion, when it hits a light causing it to rotate or when carried through fibre optic cables to give lighting in a building. Wave and fidal power are also use at the ocean frouts. Waves yield more energy than tides.America is yet to seriously experiment with this charitable of energy source. Another biofuel that is available is the use of biogas that uses biomass from cows. It is still relatively used in small areas in America unlike countries like Sweden and Finland which 17% and 19% of their demand with biofuels. Looking at the various alternatives available to us, it appears like hydrogen would be the best for the reasons that it offers a unique combination of electricity generation, thermic energy and hydrogen production within an energy station (Lipman and Brooks).This co-generation ability means a much higher efficiently in energy conversion. Eventually that means lowered fuel cost, improved political economy and increased energy security. The energy stations, due ability in different designs have various functional and economic trade-offs. How and forte temperature fuel cell design come in three varieties. The proton exchange membrane alcalescent (PEM), and the phosphonic acid one. Current estimates for all three ranges from two potassium louver coulomb ($2, 5000) dollars to four special K dollars ($4,000) per kilowatt of energy.The high temperature fuel cell design comes in two varieties namely molten carbon and material oxide. Current estimates for the same are three thousand dollars ($3,000) to four thousand dollars ($4,000) per kilowatts. The hydrogen engine generation set which features a generator estimates currently at about three thousand dollars ($3,000) per kilowatt. Future estimates for the low and medium temperature fuel cell design oscillate between two thousand and fifty dollars to one thousand five hundred dollars ($250-$ 1, 5000) per kilowatt of energy.The high temperature fuel cell design future estimates for molten carbon and solidity oxide averages two hundred and fifty dollars to one thousand dollars ($250-1, 000) per kilowatt. The hydrogen engine generator sets estimate for the future is five hundred dollars ($500) per kilowatt (Lipman and Brooks 2006). The costs refer to the initial capital costs to enable an energy station to start operations. The costs associated will of course vary in solve areas depending on availability of facilities and the operating and upkeep costs.Economically the stations end up as more attractive options than sets that are dedicated entirely as hydrogen refueling systems. The transportation department seems to have a critical graphic symbol in all this. It is by default, that the transport sector consumes the bulk of the fuel. Transport has a critical role to play in fictionalizing all sectors. Due to this factor, it is possible to use the transport department in organizations, governance agencies and commercial fleets as change agents in introducing the new fuels.The use of hydrogen cells for example, require a considerably wide-ranging fleet to make it commercially viable (Lipman and Brooks 2006) State projects could land into memorandum of understanding with shuttle fleets and pools of cars owned jointly to have, them as stakeholders in implementation of energy blue prints. Beginning from here, the change can then spread to other people within the society. It is imperative for the federal government and individual state government to focus on the introduction of sustainace and development use of alternate energy source if America has to remai n able to supply its energy needs in the long run.Hydrogen and ethanol are all attractive options for the America economy and further research and development efforts need to be initiated. Funding is also necessary as easily as building cooperation between public and private sectors. The states should be ready to offer funding, information and other incentives to take stakeholders to attract investment. In the face of all this, regulatory mechanisms are crucial to ensure that the public rattling benefit from the emerging technologies. References Jeffrey M Gordon 2001 solar energy issues position papersthrong and James/Earthscan. Pp. 23-56. Lipman E Timothy and Brooks Cameron 2006 hydrogen energy statious poly-production of electricity, hydrogen and thermal energy pp 5-23 Jim Wells 2005. University of California. Meeting energy demand in the 21st century many challenges and key questions testimony before the subcommittee on energy and resource, committee on government reform, House of Representatives. Diane publishing Louise Gieny-lee, Peter Holilian and Fred Mayer. renewable energy annual 2002 with preliminary data fro 2002 2003. Diane publishers pp 13-20

Agriculture in Pakistan

In align to fulfill full handicraft and raise its entire population higher up the p everywherety line by the year 2006-07, Pakistan needfully to create additional employment for 100 zillion persons and raise the incomes of one thousand millions of chthonic-industrious persons. This report presents a program to achieve these goals utilizing the countrys competitive avail in labour-in gosive unpolished crops and allied industries. Misfortunes can happen to roughly very(prenominal) good overlaps. One of the major(ip) reasons for such mishappenings, is that industries and organizations fail to urinate the importance of a well-planned performance of bracing or actual product development.They do non acknowledge that change is the solo constant amour in this world and as tr depots change it is pregnant to change their products a persistent with it too. The objectives of the program be to double un advanced(a) ware in ten years, achieve complete nutritional self-su fficiency for the country, and gene order millions in exports of sugar, fruits, vege boards, silk and like textiles. The program will gene reckon a minimum process regulate of more than 4% in the sylvan heavens. New changes, are the lifeblood of companies.When firms do non change their level of proceeds to meet the requirements of changing consumer desires, administration regulations completion and a host of other factors market share and exploitation upfulness usually decline. The life of a fresh industry very frequently depends on how it conceives and produceses. INTRODUCTION Agriculture Pakistans principal natural resources are arable push overthrow, irrigate supply, and across-the-board natural gas reserves. round 28% of Pakistans keep big bucks drop off demesne is under cultivation and is watered by one of the erectst irrigation dodges in the world.Agriculture accounts for slightly 24% of gross domestic product and employs just astir(predicate) 44% of the labor force. The approximately strategic crops are cotton fiber, husk, rice, sugarcane, fruits, and veggies, which together account for more than 75% of the value of summation crop output. Despite intensive horticulture practices, Pakistan re mains a internet food importer. Pakistan exports rice, cotton, fish, fruits, and vegetables and imports vegetable vegetable oil, wheat, cotton, pulses, and consumer foods. The scotch importance of agribusiness has declined since independence, when its share of GDP was around 53%.Following the poor harvest of 1993, the disposal introduced agriculture supporter policies, including change magnitude support prices for numerous another(prenominal) untaught commodities and expanded accessibility of unsophisticated credit. From 1993 to 1997, real issue in the rural arena honestd 5. 7% solace has since declined to slight than 4%. Agricultural reforms, including increased wheat and oilseed production, hornswoggle a central role in the presidential terms economic reform package. character reference of agriculture in Pakistan.ARTICLE (September 20 2006) Agriculture is a way of life, a tradition, which for centuries has shaped the economic life, culture and the thought of the people. The importance of agriculture in the development of a country cannot be ignored. Growth of agriculture is very much essential for achieving self-reliance in major food items. Pakistan with a total disembark area of 79. 61 million hectares is termed as an rude country beca social function agricultural celestial sphere is the single largest sector of the country which not hardly provides food to 140 million people just besides provides employment to somewhatwhat 48 % of the workforce.Beside, it besides provides raw material to the industry, contributes well-nigh 60% to export earnings, and provides the livelihood for 70% rural population. In niggling the agriculture sector can rightly be called the back bone of our economy, as it contributes around Rs800 gazillion, close to one- quadrupleth to the total GDP i. e. contributing 25% of the GDP. However, the sector, which possesses the potential to be a lead sector in accelerating the economic issue and reducing poverty in Pakistan, has trustworthy less assistance from successive governing bodys in the past 57 years than other issues.According to the frugal Survey of Pakistan, this year the agricultural growth target came down to 2. 6 touch off from 4. 1 percent of the last year i. e. 2004-05. The Survey similarly attributed the slippage in agriculture to the weak performance of both the major and minor crops. However, the government hesitated to accept its poor attention towards this important sector of the economy. Although, the government announced a comprehensive package for the farmers in June this year, it failed to satisfy the volume of the farming community as they are expressing their dissatisfaction over the ince ntives announced.Agriculture is the single largest sector of the economy. It contributes 24 percent of the GDP employs 48. 4 percent of countrys workforce and is a major source of foreign exchange earnings. About 68% of the population lives in rural Pakistan and depends upon agriculture for sustenance. The average one-year growth rate of agriculture during 1990s was 4. 5%. The highest growth rate of 11. 7 percent was achieved in 1995-96 mainly due to increase in cotton, gram, milk and meat production. The sector touched the lowest negative growth rate of 5. 3 percent in 1992-93 mainly due to decrement in cotton and sugarcane production.The major crops as wheat, cotton, rice, sugarcane and lemon yellow account for 41% of value added and minor crops 10% in overall agriculture. Livestock has emerged as an important sub sector of agriculture. It accounts for 37. 5% of agriculture value added and just virtually 9. 4% of the GDP. Similarly, fisheries play an important role in home( a) income by export earnings. Agricultural Policy The agricultural sector is highly politicized because the majority of landowners contract had considerable political influence. This has resulted in agricultural policy being steered towards supporting the production of majorcash crops such as sugarcane, and exempting al closely all agricultural income from taxes. However, following recent discussions with the IMF and founding Bank on r eveue collection in general, the present government is in the process of re-structuring the arranging to try and increase agricultural taxation. In addition, successive governments have increase considerable support to the sector by providing concessionary financing to farmers for the bargain for of agricultural equipment (mainly tractors) and for building irrigation and drainpipe organisations.Three year Strategy The Ministry of Agriculture is preparing a new trio-year strategy. This will focus on the enhanced productivity of export oriented crops and assure better marketing of exportable crops to get maximal prices of the produce. The new strategy will envisages to cleanse the performance of the agriculture sector including Higher growth rate of agriculture as compared to population growth Food security and self-reliance in food cropsEnhancing the productivity of wheat, rice, oil seeds, cotton and sugarcane Land and water development for a bear on agricultural growth advance input supplies supported by get technology to the farmers and at the users end, balanced emphasis on all aspects of agricultural production including livestock, fisheries and forestry Improving marketing of agricultural commodities, emphasis on agricultural research to generate innovative technology including biotechnology for rising per acre gestate of land.Improving the productivity of miniature farmers while encouraging the large farmers for utilization of advanced technology. GROWTH IN AGRICULTURE Agriculture is a prime sector of natio nal economy of Pakistan. The growth in agricultural sector and national economy moves hand in hand. The wide fluctuations in agricultural growth have greatly influenced national economy. The sixties was a compass point of commonalty revolution wherein dwarf cultivars of wheat and rice with high turnover of photosynthesis were introduced.This brought a quantum jump in productivity of these cereals. This resulted in an average growth rate of 5. 1% during the ecstasy. The growth however retarded in s change surfaceties to 2. 4%. The spacious nationalization policy of the unavowed enterprises had an overall negative meet on the economy. In addition there was a slow down in the process of varietals development and their release, paltering their potential. However, the seventies was a period of high everyday sector investments in agriculture sector.The important institutions accredited during this decade are Tarbela Dam, Pakistan Agricultural Research Council, Training and Visit p rogramme of Agricultural Extension, Seed Certification and Registration Departments/Seed Corporations, On Farm Water Management and Barani Area Development Programs. In addition like export Corporation and Rice Export Corporation were established during the decade to provide an export link to indigenous production.Agriculture in Pakistan solid ground is Pakistans largest economic activity. In FY 1993, agriculture, and low forestry and fishing, contributed 25 percent of GDP and employed 48 percent of the labor force. Agricultural products, especially cotton yarn, cotton cloth, raw cotton, and rice, are important exports. Although there is agricultural activity in all areas of Pakistan, most crops are grown in the Indus River plain in Punjab and Sindh.Considerable development and expansion of output has occurred since the earlier 1960s however, the country is still far from realizing the large potential yield that the well-irrigated and fertile soil from the Indus irrigation gove rnance could produce. The floods of September 1992 showed how vulnerable agriculture is to weather agricultural production dropped dramatically in FY 1993. Land Use Pakistans total land area is nigh 803,940 square kilometers. About 48 million hectares, or 60 percent, is often classified as unusable for forestry or agriculture consists mostly of deserts, pot slopes, and urban settlements.Some authorities, however, include part of this area as agricultural land on the basis that it would support some livestock activity even though it is poor rangeland. Thus, estimates of grazing land vary widely amidst 10 percent and 70 percent of the total area. A vast interpretation, for example, categorizes almost all of arid Baluchistan as rangeland for foraging livestock. Government officials listed only 3 million hectares, more often than not in the north, as forested in FY 1992. About 21. 9 million hectares were civilized in FY 1992.Around 70 percent of the cropped area was in Punjab, foll owed by perhaps 20 percent in Sindh, less than 10 percent in the North-West Frontier Province, and only 1 percent in Baluchistan. Since independence, the amount of gracious land has increased by more than one-third. This expansion is largely the result of improvements in the irrigation system that makes water available to additional plots. Substantial amounts of farmland have been mazed to urbanization and waterlogging, but losses are more than compensated for by additions of new land.In the aboriginal 1990s, more irrigation projects were ask to increase the area of cultivated land. The scant rainfall over most of the country makes about 80 percent of cropping dependent on irrigation. Fewer than 4 million hectares of land, largely in northern Punjab and the North-West Frontier Province, are totally dependent on rainfall. An additional 2 million hectares of land are under no irrigated cropping, such as plantings on floodplains as the water recedes.No irrigated farming generally practices low yields, and although the technology exists to boost production substantially, it is expensive to use and not always readily available. Irrigation In the first 1990s, irrigation from the Indus River and its tributaries constituted the worlds largest beside irrigation system, capable of watering over 16 million hectares. The system includes three major shop reservoirs and numerous barrages, headworks, supplys, and distribution channels. The total length of the canal system exceeds 58,000kilometers there are an additional 1.6 million kilometers of farm and sketch ditches. Partition placed portions of the Indus River and its tributaries under Indias control, leading to prolonged disputes between India and Pakistan over the use of Indus waters. by and by nine years of negotiations and technical studies, the issue was solved by the Indus Waters Treaty of 1960. After a ten-year transitional period, the conformity awarded India use of the waters of the main eastern trib utaries in its territorythe Ravi, Beas, and Sutlej rivers. Pakistan received use of the waters of the Indus River and its western tributaries, the Jhelum and Chenab rivers.After the treaty was signed, Pakistan began an extensive and rapid irrigation twist program, partly financed by the Indus Basin Development Fund of US$800 million contributed by various nations, including the United States, and administered by the World Bank. Several spacious link canals were built to transfer water from western rivers to eastern Punjab to flip-flop flows in eastern tributaries that India began to divert in accordance with the terms of the treaty. The Mangla Dam, on the Jhelum River, was completed in 1967.The dam provided the first significant water storage for the Indus irrigation system. The dam to a fault contributes to flood control, to regulation of flows for some of the link canals, and to the countrys zilch supply. At the same time, additional construction was undertaken on barrages and canals. A stake phase of irrigation expansion began in 1968, when a US$1. 2 billion fund, besides administered by the World Bank, was established. The key to this phase was the Tarbela Dam on the Indus River, which is the worlds largest earth-filled dam.The dam, completed in the seventies, reduced the destruction of periodic floods and in 1994 was a major hydroelectric generating source. Most important for agriculture, the dam increases water availability, peculiarly during low water, which usually comes at critical growing periods. Despite massive expansion in the irrigation system, many problems remain. The Indus irrigation system was designed to fit the availability of water in the rivers, to supply the largest area with minimum water needs, and to achieve these objectives at low operating costs with limited technical staff.This system design has resulted in low yields and low cropping intensity in the Indus River plain, averaging about one crop a year, whereas the climate and soils could reasonably permit an average of almost 1. 5 crops a year if a more sophisticated irrigation network were in place. The urgent need in the 1960s and 1970s to increase crop production for domestic and export markets led to water flows well above designed capacities. Completion of the Mangla and Tarbela reservoirs, as well as improvements in other move of the system, made larger water flows possible.In addition, the government began installing public tube wells that usually discharge into hurrying levels of the system to add to the available water. The higher water flows in parts of the system considerably exceed design capacities, creating stresses and risks of breaches. Nonetheless, many farmers, particularly those with smallholdings and those toward the end of watercourses, suffer because the supply of water is unreliable. The irrigation system represents a significant engineer achievement and provides water to the fields that account for 90 percent of agricultural p roduction.Nonetheless, serious problems in the design of the irrigation system prevent achieving the highest potential agricultural output. Water management is found largely on objectives and operational procedures date back many decades and is often inflexible and unresponsive to current needs for greater water use efficiency and high crop yields. Charges for water use do not meet operational and maintenance costs, even though rates more than doubled in the 1970s and were again increased in the 1980s. Partly because of its low cost, water is often purposeless by farmers.Good water management is not practiced by government officials, who often assume that investments in physical aspects of the system will mechanically yield higher crop production. Government management of the system does not extend beyond the main distribution channels. After passing through these channels, water is directed onto the fields of individual farmers whose water rights are based on long-established social and legal codes. Groups of farmers voluntarily manage the watercourses between main distribution channels and their fields.In effect, the efficiency and effectiveness of water management relies on the way farmers use the system. The exact amounts of water wasted have not been determined, but studies suggest that losses are considerable and perhaps amount to one-half of the water entering the system. Part of the waste results from se pages in the delivery system. Even greater amounts are probably lost because farmers use water whenever their turn comes even if the water application is detrimental to their crops. The position among almost all farmers is that they should use water when available because it may not be available at the next scheduled turn.Moreover, farmers have diminutive understanding of the most productive applications of water during crop-growing cycles because of the lack of research and accompaniment services. As a result, improvements in the irrigation sy stem have not embossed yields and output as expected. Some experts believe that drastic changes are needed in government policies and the legal and institutional framework of water management if water use is to improve and that effective changes can result in very large gains in agricultural output. DrainageThe continuous expansion of the irrigation system over the past century significantly altered the hydrological balance of the Indus River basin. muck from the system and percolation from irrigated fields caused the water table to rise, reaching crisis conditions for a substantial area. Around 1900 the water table was usually more than sixteen meters below the surface of the Indus Plain. A 1981 survey found the water table to be within about three meters of the surface in more than one-half the cropped area in Sindh and more than one-third the area in Punjab.In some locations, the water table is much closer to the surface. Cropping is seriously modify over a wide area by poor d rainagewaterloggingand by accumulated salts in the soil. Although some drainage was installed before World War II, little attention was paying(a) to the growing waterlogging and salinity problems. In 1959 a salinity control and reclamation project was started in a limited area, based on public tube wells, to draw down the water table and leach out accumulated salts near the surface, using groundwater for irrigation.By the early 1980s, some thirty such projects had been started that when completed would irrigate some 6. 3 million hectares. By 1993 the government had installed around 15,000 tube wells. private farmers, however, had installed over 200,000 mostly small tube wells, mainly for irrigation purposes but also to lower the water table. Private Wells probably pumped more than tail fin times as much water as public wells. Officials were aware of the need for additional spending to prevent gain ground declination of the existing situation.Emphasis in the 1980s and early 1990 s was on renewal and maintenance of existing canals and watercourses, on farm improvements on the farms themselves (including some land leveling to conserve water), and on drainage and salinity in antecedence areas. Emphasis was also placed on short-term projects, largely to improve the operation of the irrigation system in order to raise yields. Part of the bread and butter would come from steady increases in water use fees the intention is bit by bit to raise water charges to cover operation and maintenance costs.Considerable time and funds are needed to realize the full potential of the irrigation system and hold it up to modern standards. Farm Ownership and Land Reform At independence Pakistan was a country with a great many small-scale farms and a small mo of very large estates. Distribution of landownership was sternly skewed. Less than 1 percent of the farms consisted of more than 25 percent of the total agricultural land. Many owners of large holdings were absentee la ndlords, contributing little to production but extracting as much as possible from the sharecroppers who farmed the land.At the other extreme, about 65 percent of the farmers held some 15 percent of the farmland in holdings of about two hectares or less. Approximately 50 percent of the farmland was cultivated by tenants, including sharecroppers, most of whom had little security and few rights. An additional large number of landless rural inhabitants worked as agricultural laborers. Farm laborers and many tenants were extremely poor, uneducated, and undernourished, in sharp contrast to the wealth, status, and political power of the landlordelite. After independence the countrys political leaders recognized the need for more faithful ownership of farmland and security of tenancy. In the early 1950s, provincial governments seek to eliminate some of the absentee landlords or rent collectors, but they had little success in the face of strong opposition. Security of tenancy was also leg islated in the provinces, but because of their dependent position, tenant farmers benefited only slightly.In fact, the reforms created an atmosphere of uncertainty in the countryside and intensified the animosity between wealthy landlords and small farmers and sharecroppers. In January 1959, evaluate the recommendations of a special commission on the subject, General Mohammad Ayub Khans government issued new land reform regulations that aimed to boost agricultural output, promote social justice, and ensure security of tenure. A ceiling of about 200 hectares of irrigated land and four hundred hectares of nonirrigated land was placed on individual ownership compensation was paid to owners for land surrendered.Numerous exemptions, including title transfers to family members, limited the impact of the ceilings. Slightly fewer than 1 million hectares of land were surrendered, of which a little more than 250,000 hectares were sold to about 50,000 tenants. The land reform regulations mad e no serious attempt to split up large estates or to lessen the power or privileges of the set down elite. However, the measures attempted to provide some security of tenure to tenants, consolidate existing holdings, and prevent fragmentation of farm plots.An average holding of about five hectares was considered necessary for a familys subsistence, and a holding of about twenty to twenty-five hectares was pronounced as a desirable economic holding. In action 1972, the Bhutto government announced further land reform measures, which went into effect in 1973. The landownership ceiling was officially lowered to about five hectares of irrigated land and about twelve hectares of nonirrigated land exceptions were in theory limited to an additional 20 percent of land for owners having tractors and tube wells.The ceiling could also be extended for poor-quality land. Owners of expropriated excess land received no compensation, and beneficiaries were not charged for land distributed. Offici al statistics showed that by 1977 only about 520,000 hectares had been surrendered, and nearly 285,000 hectares had been redistributed to about 71,000 farmers. The 1973 measure required landlords to pay all taxes, water charges, seed costs, and one-half of the cost of fertilizer and other inputs.It prohibited eviction of tenants as long as they cultivated the land, and it gave tenants first rights of purchase. Other regulations increased tenants security of tenure and prescribed lower rent rates than had existed. In 1977 the Bhutto government further reduced ceilings on private ownership of farmland to about four hectares of irrigated land and about eight hectares of no irrigated land. In an additional measure, agricultural income became taxable, although small farmers owning ten hectares or fewerthe majority of the farm populationswere exempted.The soldiery regime of Zia ul-Haq that ousted Bhutto neglected to implement these later reforms. Governments in the 1980s and early 1990s avoided significant land reform measures, perhaps because they drew much of their support from landowners in the countryside. Government policies designed to reduce the concentration of landownership had some effect, but their significance was difficult to measure because of limited data. In 1993 the most recent agricultural number was that of 1980, which was used to compare statistics with the agricultural census of 1960.Between 1960 and 1980, the number of farms declined by 17 percent and farms decreased in area by 4 percent, resulting in slightly larger farms. This decline in the number of farms was confined to marginal farms of two hectares or fewer, which in 1980 represent 34 percent of all farms, constituting 7 percent of the farm hectarage. At the other extreme, the number of very large farms of sixty hectares or more was 14,000both in 1960 and in 1980although the average size of the biggest farms was smaller in 1980. The number of farms between two and ten hectares increas ed during this time.Greater use of higher-yielding seeds requiring heavier applications of fertilizers, installations of private tube wells, and mechanization accounted for much of the shift away from very small farms toward mid-sized farms, as owners of the latter undertook cultivation instead of renting out part of their land. Observers believed that this trend had continued in the 1980s and early 1990s. In early 1994, land reform remained a controversial and complex issue. Large landowners retain their power over small farmers and tenants, especially in the interior of Sindh, which has a feudal agricultural establishment.Tenancy continues on a large-scale one-third of Pakistans farmers are tenant farmers, including almost one-half of the farmers in Sindh. Tenant farmers typically give almost 50 percent of what they produce to landlords. Fragmented holdings remain a substantial and widespread problem. Studies indicate that larger farms are usually less productive per hectare or u nit of water than smaller ones. Cropping Patterns and Production In the early 1990s, most crops were grown for food. shuck is by far the most important crop in Pakistan and is the staple food for the majority of the population.Wheat is eaten most frequently in unleavened bread called chapatti. In FY 1992, wheat was put on 7. 8 million hectares, and production amounted to 14. 7 million tons. issue in FY 1993 reached 16. 4 million tons. Between FY 1961 and FY 1990, the area under wheat cultivation increased nearly 70 percent, while yields increased 221 percent. Wheat production is vulnerable to extreme weather, especially in nonirrigated areas. In the early and mid-1980s, Pakistan was self-sufficient in wheat, but in the early 1990s more than 2 million tons of wheat were imported annually.Rice is the other major food grain. In FY 1992, about 2. 1 million hectares were planted with rice, and production amounted to 3. 2 million tons, with 1 million tons exported. Rice yields also hav e increased sharply since the 1960s following the introduction of new varieties. Nonetheless, the yield per hectare of around 1. 5 tons in FY 1991 was low compared with many other Asian countries. Pakistan has emphasized the production of rice in order to increase exports to the Middle East and therefore concentrates on the high-quality basmati var., although other grades also are exported.The government increased procurement prices of basmati rice disproportionately to further exports and has allowed private traders into the rice export business alongside the public-sector Rice Export Corporation. Other important food grains are millet, sorghum, corn, and barley. Corn, although a minor crop, in stages increased in area and production after independence, partly at the expense of other minor food grains. Chickpeas, called gram in Pakistan, are the main nongrain food crop in area and production. A number of other foods, including fruits and vegetables, are also grown.In the early 1 990s, cotton was the most important commercial crop. The area planted in cotton increased from 1. 1 million hectares in FY 1950 to 2. 1 million hectares in FY 1981 and 2. 8 million hectares in FY 1993. Yields increased substantially in the 1980s, partly as a result of the use of pesticides and the introduction in 1985 of a new high-yielding variety of seed. During the 1980s, cotton yields moved from well below the world average to above the world average. Production in FY 1992 was 12. 8 million bales, up from 4. 4 million bales ten years earlier.Output fell sharply, however, to 9. 3 million bales in FY 1993 because of the September 1992 floods and insect infestations. Other cash crops include tobacco, rapeseed, and, most important, sugarcane. In FY 1992 sugarcane was planted on 880,000 hectares, and production was 35. 7 million tons. pull up for some oil from cottonseeds, the country is dependent on imported vegetable oil. By the 1980s, introduction and experimentation with oilseed cultivation was under way. Soybeans and helianthus seeds appear to be suitable crops given the countrys soil and climate, but production was still negligible in the early 1990s.

Cost Management:a Strategic Emphasis

Syllabus take to the woods number Course(in English) management accountancy Credit hour3 Pre-course Instructing language Chinese Courseware English Semester line Course kind Required course Objects Master The Course Objectives subsequently the study of this course, students should gain full knowledge of the key conceptual material and generally used methods of management accounting as an important conclusion making tool for management of businesses and organizations of other types. Consequently, they would be capable of fetching medium and advanced management accounting courses in the future.Course book and references Course book(CB) Ronald W. Hilton, Michael W. Maher, Frank H. Selto,Cost Management strategies for Business Decisions,Second edition, McGraw Hill Companies Inc. 2006. References 1. Charles T. Horngren, Gary L. Sundem, William O. Stratton, Introduction to Managerial Accounting, Chaptpers1-19, 2002 edition, scholar Hall Publishing. 2. Jerold L. Zimmerman, Accountin g for Decision Making and Control, 4th edition, McGraw-Hill, 2003. 3. Anthony A. Atkinson, Rajav D. Banker, Robert S. Kaplan, and S. Mark Young, Management Accounting, 3rd edition, Prentice-Hall , 2001 . 4.He yingqi Chen jiajun,Management Accounting,Shanghai Financial and Economic Press,2003. 5. Harvard Business Review on Managing the Value Chain, HBS Press 1999 The Final Result of Study At the stamp out of the semester, students will be required to submit a semester paper as final examination. After that each students final force of study will be computed with 10% participation in the lesson and 20% of the average mark of his/her homework done and 20% of case studies and 50% of his/her mark of the final examination(semester paper). The satisfactory weighted average mark should be at least 60. Instructing plansTeaching plans and the content to see the table as sideline DateContentReadingsAssignments 12008. 9. 19Topic 1 Cost management and value chainCB-Chapter 1 and its PPTE1. 26 P1. 33 C1. 41 22008. 9. 26- 2008. 10. 10Topic 2 I. Product cost system concept and founding II. Cost accumulation for job and batch production operationCB-Chapter 2 chapter 3 and their PPTE2. 36 P2. 64 C2. 80 P3. 55 32008. 10. 17- 2008. 10. 24Topic 3 I. Activity-based costing II. Activity-based managementCB-Chapter 4 Chapter5and their PPTE4. 39 P4. 52 C4. 63 P5. 42 4Topic 4 Managing quality and age to create valuechapter6chapter 7 and their PPTC6. 3 C7. 76 52008. 10. 31- 2008. 11. 7Topic 5 Process costing and cost alloationCB-Chapter 8, chapter9,chapter10 and its PPTP8. 36 P9. 46 E10. 24 62008. 11. 14Topic 6 Cost estimationCB-Chapter 11, and their PPTP11. 53 C 11. 57 7Topic 7 Financial and CVP modelsCB-Chapter 12 and its PPTP12. 50C12. 63 82008. 11. 21Topic 8 Cost management and decision makingCB-Chapter 12, chapter 13 and their PPTP13. 49P13. 50 P13. 54 9Topic 9 Strategic issues in long term detonating device investment decisionCB-Chapter 14, and its PPTC14. 52 102008. 11. 28To pic 10 Budgeting and financial planingCB-Chapter 15, and itsr PPTC 15. 55 112008. 2. 5Topic 11 warning costing system and variance analysisCB-Chapter 16, and its PPTC16. 48 122008. 12. 12Topic 12 Flexible cypher and overhead cost managementCB-Chapter 17, and its PPTC17. 68 132008. 12. 19Topic 13 Organizational design, responsibility accounting, and rating of division performanceCB-Chapter 18, andits PPTP18. 38P18. 46 142008. 12. 26Topic 14 Transfer pricingCB-Chapter 19, and its PPTP19. 36P19. 40C19. 42 15Topic 15 Incentive system, performance evaluation, and balanced-scord card CB-Chapter 20, chapter 21 and their PPTC21. 57 162009. 1. 9Final examination (Semester paper)

Cultural Behavior Essay

shade is a very definitive chemical element that should be inflexible in any occasion, across the globe. Knowing once culture enhances the enliven of solidarity finished understanding star an otherwise(a) despite the differences of nationality. It creates communication and it clears the communication. star of the biggest problems today is the miscommunication of multitude despite the throw outment in telecommunication industries that delivers a wider range of essence of communication. One might ask what culture could do obviously it apprize create pricy rapport betwixt mass and between nations.Having a ethnic news is a plus factor exactly it doesnt mean that, a some wizard without it can neer mingle with a psyche with a different culture. Cultural science entails a lot of things, most in-chief(postnominal)ly it can help-us manage cross-cultural differences moreover it can help eliminate racism. To be specific, cultural intelligence can lower the cultural barr iers caused by the terms, us and them and this whollyows you to predict what they be thinking and how they will react to your behavior patterns through becoming alive(predicate) with the cultural differences as well as its similarities and it harness the power of cultural diversity.In our world today that is fast-paced, companies and their handicraft managers who interact with employees, customers, partners, competitors, among others who ar divers(prenominal) cultural intelligence is important. Hosting an international conference of sorts will not be possible without manageing who the participants ar. Making a successful affair with other countries means tapping their soft spot. That is possible by studying what please them and respecting what they count in, not only that, but their coiffures, values, expectations, attitudes, and ideologies.Those can be boiled piling to one thing, knowing the culture because it is the lens through which you view the world. It entails the centrality of ones attention, the perception and the expression. In this paper, there are 2 countries that should be given importance of brazil and Turkey. The former is known for their expertise in playing football while the latter is known for their good-looking men, as I would put it. BRAZIL, The Land of Contrasts This country is the fifth largest country in the world, and the largest nation in Latin America.Having the culture name of Brazilian, and their bulk are called depending on gender Brasileiros for boys and Brasileiras for girls. In the late sixteenth century Lusitanian introduced a Romance expression called Portuguese, then this language is now the widely-spoken language in the country. Roman Catholic is the predominant religion. The Brazilians prides in themselves being parliamentary with race, they do not construct prejudices over the different citizens that reside in Brazil. This ideology shapes their perception in terms of cultural behavior.This is not an s agaciousness of complete non-existence of racial discrimination, but compared to other nations analogous the United States, in Brazil the expression is far more subtle and discreet. To add proof, the give voice jeito is familiar in Brazil which means that nothing is set in stone. Aside from those verbal greetings, there are things that should be learned approximately Brazil. One of this is their body language because becoming aware of this could help a person avoid any trouble in this country.For some countries, approve or OK hired man signal means an approval or giving a nice reaction to other person but in this country it is a rude gesture. For example, in the Philippines the okay hand signal can brighten someones day, it is a fair gesture but it could mean a lot of positive meaning. somewhat politician even uses this for their campaign during election. When a Brazilian expresses appreciation, s/he may appear to pinch his/her earlobe between thumb and forefinger while to o ther counties it could mean that a person is shy or ashamed of something s/he has take upe.The fig is placing the thumb between the exponent and middles finger. This indicates a sincere invocation of luck towards another person. When the fingertips were flicked underneath the lift it means that the person doesnt know the answer. But for other countries it indicates that the person is thinking or in a deep thought. It is common practice to almost every country to arrive privacy, may it be about own(prenominal) life or whatever. Privacy is a concept of personal post. This is an event the Brazilians do not seem to care because lack of seat is what they are used to.A crowded place is an appealing space for them. Touch and physical expression is evident in their culture. Being intimate can be seen with the way women and men easily express their emotions through touch. There is a truism that age is gold. It applies to most of the countries around the world, specially in this ti me and age where you clear to keep up with the fast-changing world. When it comes to time and work, some regions are casual about it. There are twain cities in this country that are strict when it comes to following time in particular personal line of credit meetings.These are San Paulo and Rio, as for the latter, personal and social events are the things considered casual. main meal happens at midday while light meal happens at night. Having good manners and etiquettes or the lack of it is a big issue. It shows how a person was raised and it shows ones upbringing. It is also important because it deals with a persons reputation and his/her identity. When entertained into someones house, the guest should send flowers saying Thank You to the hostess, for it shows politeness. This shows the satisfaction and appreciation of the hospitality a hostess have shown.This is also a way to build a good impression. However, one should take note of the color of the flower to be given because purple-colored flowers are for funerals alone but it is fine to send out color violet. Saude (Sah-OO-Day) or Viva (Vee-va)are words that expresses cheers during toasts. Hello and goodbye, use good eye opposition while handshaking and make sure that you handshake with everyone present. Stay external from phases such as, Is it true that everyone in Brazil is either very sufficient or very poor? It is very likely you will be talking with someone that isnt either one.Brazilians usually address teachers, doctors, priests, and other professionals using their title followed by their first nameProfessor Joao, Doutora Maxine or Presidente Henrique. Making a successful art in Brazil means adhering to their business custom, this helped a lot because as I have state before it can make you close to your would-be business partner. To have an executive connotation, wearing a three-piece suit is advised because pip workers are associated with two-piece suit. Wearing conservative attire wit h manicured nails are important for women who are transacting business.In making appointments, make it in two weeks advance and out of nowhere calls are not good especially at business and government offices. This could mean impoliteness that would lead to the impression of disrespect to the implicated person or people. The key to business success in Brazil is to be prepared in committing long term resources, may it be money or time. In every business meetings, their standard operating(a) procedure is that the host starts the business discussions and it usually begins with small talks. TURKEY The authorised name is Republic of Turkey, and its capital is Ankara.Turkey is a crossing between two unique cultures from the European and Middle Eastern boundaries. The society is characterized with patriotism patriotism. A combination of traditional and modern views, the society attributes significantly to their ancestors. The fast modernization of the country had contributed to the succe ss of its market. One of the nice things about people of different nationality is that they have the unique form of greetings. It is normal to greet the Turkish with Asalamu alaykum which means peace be upon you, and the common reply to this is, Wa alaykum salam or peace be with you.It is normal to every tourist or every visitors of foreign land to know the hidden meanings of body language of the people in that particular country. That is an advantage so that a person would know what or what not to do. It is customary to greet Turkish counterparts with a handshake, misery to do so may be considered rude. Women are expected to underwrite their hand first as the men awaits this gesture. An eye contact with Turkish counterparts while speaking depicts sincerity. When the thumb is placed between first two fingers it signifies insult and the person doing it is being rude.Wagging the head in the US means no, but in this country it means I dont understand. Personal space does not matter t o Turks in fact they consider it as unfriendly. That is why backing away when a Turks stand close to you is not good. This shows aloofness that could trigger to becoming indifferent. Turks have a polychromic time, they are multitasked that they do several activities at the same time and continue several conversations about different topics. They can surely keep up with busy schedule because they manage to do one thing at the same time.This also shows that the Turks are good in dividing their attention, it also shows that they are good in doing rush kit and caboodle and other stuff. Reputation precedes a persons identity. Making a reputation is through the guidelines of having good manners in almost everything a person does. This also means having respect to other people and exhibit appreciation of ones culture. Respecting and paying courtesy to an elderly or the eldest person when arriving at a gathering or room is advised in this culture.Age is highly given importance in this coun try. Age signifies perception and respect from the society. In this country, public display of affection id discourages and is considered inappropriate. For establishing business in Turkey, there are business rules and regulations. These should be strictly followed if a businessman wants to make it big in this country. Turkish people celebrates the Turkish holidays, like the Ramadan (fasting period) and months like July and August are considered as annual holidays of Turkish business men.These dates should be avoided as the celebration is most considered rather than business ventures. It is important to schedule business appointments in advance to ensure that you avoid Turkish holidays. Punctuality is also important for the Turkish people. In all business contexts, when one should be late, he or she must immediately state the persons concerned immediately. Islam also extends its influence in the society as all appointments and meetings should fit the 5 daily prayer times.The Turks prefer to do business with people they know and establish personal relationships with them for future benefits in their business ventures. Bibliography Bibikova Anastasia and Vadim Kotelnikov. Cultural Intelligence Knowledge, Arts, & Skills. http//www. 1000ventures. com/business_guide/crosscuttings/cultural_intelligence. html http//www. cia. gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/br. html Nicol, Joni. Brazil. http//www. cyborlink. com/besite/brazil. htm Gorrill, Jodie R. A Turkish Culture Overview. http//www. communicaid. com/turkey-business-culture. asp

Why Violent Video Games Should Not Be Banned

According to reliable community, reddened motion-picture show games should be ejectned they feel that reddish video games atomic number 18 the source of todays vehemence amongst children. I powerfully disagree with them. Video games, like movies, music and whatsoever another(prenominal) puzzle out of art, atomic number 18 there to entertain people and to enjoy, not restrict. What most people fail to realize is that the video game industry, like the film industry, is to a great extent regulated with a strict code of parental guidelines already in place. Even the game consoles to play these violent games have parental controls.What I fail to understand is that some parents believe its okay to give their children 18+ rated games even though they are well under that age, and dictate that these games are the sources of violence between children. If parents would not let a 10-year-old watch 18+ rated horrors movies, accordingly why would parents let a 10-year-old play Gears of War, or alarming Theft Auto with its gang, crime and sexual content? Today, the debate to ban violent video games is drastically increasing in popularity.Video games that have violence in them such as Call of Duty, Grand Theft Auto, or Gears of War, might be banned for showing last along with content. Video games change in the United States reach retail sales of twenty unrivalled billion dollars a year. If they are banned, the economy can lose a tremendous amount of profit, and not to mention almost every mature adult around the innovation would be passing furious. When people prescribe that video games are very influential on the youth of today, they are probably right.However, the youth of today probably shouldnt be playing violent video games to start with, just as they shouldnt be watching violent movies. Violent video games have an age rating on them for a reason. If parents want buy their under aged children violent video games, then they should not complain that t he video games are causing their children to become violent. onwards complaining, they should actually pay attention to the age ratings posted on the games themselves and not ignore it, and then to make things worse try to ban the games that other people might enjoy playing.Todays game consoles (Sonys Play point 3and Microsofts Xbox 360) are both aimed at mature adults, with the consoles having parental controls, and age warnings on the game boxes. Personally, I couldnt think of anything worse if violent video games get banned. The last thing that I want to do is go into any store and only be able to buy games that are aimed at 3-year-olds, such as Kung fu Panda or Dora the Explorer.In conclusion, I can say that violent video games have become one of the most approbatory forms of entertainment to any teenager or adult around the world in the 21st century. And if they were to get banned, many people would get extremely furious. Violent video games are aimed strictly at mature teen agers and adults (as indicated on the game box itself), not children. Parents that complain that some video games are too violent and should be banned should stop and think because afterwards all, they are the ones who bought their kids the violent video games.